Durand Line Agreement November 12, 1893

Agreement between Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, G. C. S. I., and Sir Henry
Mortimer Durand, K. C. I. E., C. S. I.
Whereas certain questions have arisen regarding the frontier of Afghanistan on the side
of India, and whereas both His Highness the Amir and the Government of India are
desirous of settling these questions by friendly understanding, and of fixing the limit of
their respective spheres of influence, so that for the future there may be no difference of
opinion on the subject between the allied Governments, it is hereby agreed as follows:
1. The eastern and southern frontier of his Highness’s dominions, from Wakhan to
the Persian border, shall follow the line shown in the map attached to this
agreement.

2. The Government of India will at no time exercise interference in the territories
lying beyond this line on the side of Afghanistan, and His Highness the Amir will
at no time exercise interference in the territories lying beyond this line on the side
of India.

3. The British Government thus agrees to His Highness the Amir retaining Asmar
and the valley above it, as far as Chanak. His Highness agrees, on the other hand,
that he will at no time exercise interference in Swat, Bajaur, or Chitral, including
the Arnawai or Bashgal valley. The British Government also agrees to leave to
His Highness the Birmal tract as shown in the detailed map already given to his
Highness, who relinquishes his claim to the rest of the Waziri country and
Dawar. His Highness also relinquishes his claim to Chageh.

4. The frontier line will hereafter be laid down in detail and demarcated, wherever
this may be practicable and desirable, by joint British and Afghan commissioners,
whose object will be to arrive by mutual understanding at a boundary which shall
adhere with the greatest possible exactness to the line shown in the map attached
to this agreement, having due regard to the existing local rights of villages
adjoining the frontier.

5. With reference to the question of Chaman, the Amir withdraws his objection to
the new British cantonment and concedes to the British Governmeni the rights
purchased by him in the Sirkai Tilerai water. At this part of the frontier the line
will be drawn as follows:
From the crest of the Khwaja Amran range near the Psha Kotal, which remains
in British territory, the line will run in such a direction as to leave Murgha
Chaman and the Sharobo spring to Afghanistan, and to pass half-way between
the New Chaman Fort and the Afghan outpost known locally as Lashkar Dand.
The line will then pass half-way between the railway station and the hill known as
the Mian Baldak, and, turning south-wards, will rejoin the Khwaja Amran range,
leaving the Gwasha Post in British territory, and the road to Shorawak to the

ای هموطنم امنیت زندگی تو به دست چه کسانی

ای هموطنم امنیت زندگی تو به دست چه کسانی

در کابل و سایر نقاط افغانستان مردم مظلوم و بیچاره ما صبح خود را به صدای انفجار و انتهار آغاز میکنند و شام خود را به صدای انفجار و گلوله باری ختم میکنند. که از نتیجه آن به صد ها کشته و زخمی بجا می مانند – 2 حمله انتحاری و زد خورد در یک شبانه روز بیشتر از 10 انفجار در یک هفته.

نمی دانم که مسئولین امنیتی ما در رده های بالا گوش و چشم ندارند یا همان قصه کلخ را ماندن از آب تیر شدن است.

مسئولین امنیتی که باید به یک حرکت واحد و یک روحیه ملی و در تفاهم یا تشریک مساعی مرز های کشور را ببندند ویا هم لا اقل مرزها یا درواز ه های که به داخل شهر راه دارند را ببندند اما دیده میشود که متاسفانه تحت رهبری عالی جنابان کابل یک چهره خشن نظامی بخود گرفته است که امنیت روحی و روانی مردم را خود دولت نیز تهدید نموده.

مزرهای باز افغانستان و راه های غیر رسمی یا سرکهای بدون قیر به شهر کابل و سایر شهر ها بیداد میکنند اما مسئولین بدبختانه نه میبینند و نه میشنوند وصرف اینرا خوب میدانند که روز مره چطور مردم بی گناه و بی دفاع خود را توسط تلاشی های دروغین خود اذیت و آزار کنند و یا هم حسادت موترهای آنها را بکنند.

حقیقت مردم ما و دنیا

 توسط: عزیز الله عزیز 

17 جولای 2014

امروز اکثریت روانشاسان داکتر صاحبان تحلیل گران سیاسیون و حطا بعضی از نخبه گان افغانستان در صحبت های خود خطاب میکنند  که اکثریت مردم افغانستان به امراض روانی گوناگونی مبتلا هستند و دلائیل آنرا هم فقر بی چاره گی و چهار دهه جنگ در افغانستان میدانند.

 به حر حال !  من برعکس دید گاهای شان  فکر میکنم نه تنها اگثریت مردم افغانستان بلکه اکثریت مردم جهان به این به امراض گوناگون روانی مبتلا هستند ودلائیل منطقی در پی این ادعا زیاد است ولی صرف میخواهم که بصورت عمده و خلاصه به چند نکته اساسی و عمومی توجه شمارا جلب کنم.

یک – تمام مردم در کره خاکی زمین زندگی میکنند که گاهی و ناگاهی توجه شان به مرگ جلب میشود.

دوم – تمام مردم روز مره در امور زندگی شان گاه گاه پنهانی همراه وجدان خود در جنگ درونی هستند.

سوم – اکثریت مردم دنیا با تروریسم در جنگ هستند.

چهارم – اگثریت مردم دنیا با تبعیض جنسگرائی ویا هم خشونت علیه زنان یا اطفال در مبارزه هستند.

پنجم – تمام مردم دنیا با امراض درونی ژنیتیک که در وجود آنها زاده شده است بکشل پنهانی در درون وجود خود در مبارزه هستند.

ششم –  مردم دربعضی از گوشه های دنیا بدون گناه یا کدام موجب  به قتل میرسند که خود زاده تشویش درونی و روانی است.

هفتم –  اکثریت مردم با تمام پیش گوئی های مطبوعات که به نشر میرسانند مشوش میشوند.

هشتم – در بعضی از گوشه های دنیا قتل عام  به صورت علنی انجام میگیرد که نمونه آن فلسطین میباشد.

1. بلآخره از همین رو است که من فکر میکنم نه تنها اکثریت مردم افغانستان بلکه اکثریت مردم در امتداد این کره خاکی یعنی جهان فانی از درون وجود خود نا آرام – به هراس – تحت فشار – قهر و غضب هستند. که در نتیجه میتوان ادعا کرد که تمامی آن فکت های مذکور به مرور زمان مبدل به امراض روحی و روانی میگردد.

History Repeats Afghans Never Learn!!

Afghanistan is a tribal country and lack of a united, Identified, and accepted nation in this country has always led the country to a chaos  over decades. Hence, Majority of the people in this country have never thought outside the box. As a result, the people of Afghanistan are still suffering from political situation in this country on the other hand the world super powers have always enjoyed their interests in the region from the situation in Afghanistan.

The people of Afghanistan will never and ever enjoy from a peaceful, stable, and an outgrowth economy unless they create a united, identified and acceptable nation among them selves.

Generation of a  united, identified, and acceptable nation in Afghanistan is possible only when the tribal heads are eliminated. Because, the tribal heads in Afghanistan based on the history and now have been spying for other countries in the region and further in the world. as a result of all that the young and educated generations of Afghanistan have never and ever received the chance to lead the country to its main route which is humanity, peace, stability, and further education.

 

Azizullah AzizMay 25, 2013 Warlord MediaMedia in Afghanistan is

Azizullah Aziz

May 25, 2013

 

Warlord Media

Media in Afghanistan is under pro warlord government official’s influence. And this causes the country turn to a chaos. The only way of desiring to release this from ex warlord’s influence is the Afghan youths! Unfortunately most of the youths do not know their rights, and responsibilities because of the influence caused during the last four decades by ex warlords in the government the youths have been isolated from learning. Consequently, the only possibility to awaken the youths is when the social media tools are accessible to people.

 

Kabul, Afghanistan – Journalists threatened, disrespected, and warned by Afghan warlords say media used as a secondary weapon and influenced by warlords in many segments in Afghanistan during the last decade and now.

throughout a few interviews with Journalists recently threatened, disrespected, offended and warned in Kabul province of Afghanistan reveals an Afghan based reality and discovers an inventory of ferocious realities and an outline of abuses by the Afghan pro warlord government officials, who work shoulder to shoulder with international community regardless of, international community‘s declaration that the freedom of speech is respected and the rights of the people is protected.

The international community repeatedly helps the Afghan pro warlord government officials in varieties of social segments for the purpose of protections of the peoples’ rights, justices, security and motivation of people to precisely participate in building their country and saving it from insurgent’s brutalities. In spite of, the international community’s trust that the “media” freedom of speech is protected, warlords, abuse journalists and influence media directly and indirectly pressuring the Ministry of Culture and Information. By taking the opportunity of their positions in government, the Afghan pro warlord government officials also steal, most of the financial aids. “Journalists explained.”

SadeqTorabzoy, a privileged freelance Journalist, said he was jailed, tortured and embarrassed for writing news articles about everyday unfair and injustices activities of the Afghan pro -warlord government officials for six days at NDS department in mid July 2012. And when his family came to visit him, were not allowed to visit him vice versa, they were treated worse than animals, he said. The soldiers at national department of security told me “swear and promise in written form that you will not repeat such writings or we will kill you.” Torabzoy said.

                        The freelance journalist said he is released, from the blessing of the international community’s presence in Afghanistan; otherwise, he would be killed by warlords long ago.

Some other Journalists who didn’t want to mention their names say warlords knowingly impose themselves as national heroes of Afghanistan throughout their influence over media. Journalists add, most of them own TV channels,

           

An Afghan     police officer aims his weapon at two photographers covering pre-election     violence in Kabul. (AFP/Pedro Ugarte)(Dietz, 2010)

Newspapers, and even electric –

 

outlets, and by the use of this opportunity they insist, inflict and force journalists to write clothed, attired, well-mannered, honorable, suitable, and wholesome articles about them and failure to do so results of firing journalists from their positions.

A couple of those journalists jailed indirectly by warlords, said. Warlords want to sanitize their robberies, kidnappings, and their involvement in the devastation of the country, through their personal owned media channels and instead get the heroic nicknames of Jihadi for saving their country from terrorism.

Although media has rapidly grown in private sectors since the collapse of Taliban regime but still is witness of dictatorship and sacrificed over warlords’ unethical influence in varieties of segments, restrictions, censorship and probation of the freedom of speech, MujeebLehaz a Journalist at Zhowandon TV said. “Most of the pro warlord government officials have stolen thousands of meters of national property inside and outside the capital, as a journalist I made a report and broadcasted through Zhowandon TV, a program called people and authorities, right after the broadcast I have had guns pointed into my face and got warned that my family and I will be killed if I don’t stop broadcasting such reports.” Lehaz added.

Nonetheless, whether directly or indirectly the media has been under the influence of warlords during the last decade and now, they have been much more dangerous to media than Taliban or the insurgents, according to Abidullah Ehsas a news reporter for SHAMSHAD TV “most of the broadcasts of news or any other reports that contains something about the unfair warlords daily’s  activities of corruption miss use of their powers and break of rules and regulations is prohibited, because they have found a really decent defensive address “the ministry of culture and information.” Furthermore, the ministry of culture and information in Afghanistan has been the only responsible source of media who issues the license for private sector of media and controls the activities of media based on the Islamic and Afghani rules and regulations for many years in the history of Afghanistan, that means anything that contradicts with Islamic rules and regulations or Afghani cultures is forbidden. Unfortunately, that source has been also under the influence of warlords.

According to different reports by Nai an NGO meaning flute, is an essential figurative channel for media and tracks violence both –

 

           

Fixer: The Taking of Naqshbandi(MPS, 2009)

Against media and journalists with its media watch data, states, in last 11 years journalists have been highly threatened and targeted as army soldiers by different instances of kidnappings, killings and death threats.

 

Although most of the warlords refuse all the allegations against them, one of their spokesperson who didn’t want to mention his name, said, “all the warlords know what they are doing is in contradiction with the constitution of Afghanistan, but, this is Afghanistan if they don’t create such a situation, the journalists will barely make them naked like a chicken with no features and that is when the people of Afghanistan will expel these warlords by rocks and sticks, not only from their positions but, from this country. Therefore, as we have an Afghani Slang no stick no politeness.”

Mass Media (Medium) is source/ sources of communication channels such as televisions, radios, newspapers and magazines through which people get information about various activities of day-to-day businesses and the outcome of it leads the society to social changes such as education, politics, economics, entertainments and many other social activities that concerns people in societies. Hence, the people or beats involved in the media channels are ethically impartial because that is the only way of trust and support of social integrity – which is an inner sense of keeping one’s impartiality. Furthermore, that is how most of the people compare and contrast good versus bad or fact verses fiction. And that is when social professional active groups of people act based on the information and awareness they get from media for their further improvements of businesses in their Societies. Unfortunately, in Afghanistan this is not
the same. In Afghanistan most of the media channels are under the control and influence of warlords and the other some which are impartial are not accessible to the people due to the financial issues.

           

 

 

Because of various issues people do not have access to some of the real impartial media channels such as lack of electricity, insecurity, not enough support of media in most of the provinces in Afghanistan due to the financial issues. However, according to the reports from different foreign channels 65 percent of the Afghanistan population is the Adults this accountability of population is as bulk because Afghanistan does not have clear or standard population accountability yet. And this 65 percent of adults are either lacking education, busy with their intermediate hopeless activities, or some don’t know what their social responsibilities in their society are? Or even some are under the guidance and influence of the political parties (warlords) that uses them by different psychological ideologies such as religious, tribal, racism, or language. A familiarized example of those group adults will be those working with Taliban, that group of ignorant Afghan adults have been brain washed by some regional and global intelligence organizations, since the Red Army of USSR’s Invasion and that group of people are used by the reason of Afghanistan is invaded! there are infidels, killing of any local who is working for Government and any foreigners, Military or Nongovernmental Organizations is a pride for them because they are told if they kill one of them they will            

Afghan     Media Freedom Under Threat: CPJ (Junbesh, 2012)

be GHAZIs a local term which means an Islamic defensive hero in doomsday – (end of the world) and if he gets killed by foreigners he will be a SHAHEED a local term which means martyrs. Whereas, according to real Islamic believes

 

 

SHAHEED is a person who gets killed innocently, he will be straightly gone to paradise and in the doomsday he can take 7 members of his family with him to the paradise even if they are sinful as long as the SHAHEED vouch for them. The other radicalism or ignorant part in their brain washed minds is that even if a person is Muslim, but, if he is a foreigner they call him infidel! The illiteracy and ignorance or lack of awareness causes massive destruction to Afghanistan and to its international colleagues. On the other hand the only source “Media” which should lead people from ignorance to Social Change and prosperity is also under the control and influence of some political parties that are dramatically affected in destroying the credibility and reliability of media by their powers and excessive laundry washed money. As an obvious example in Afghanistan would be more than 40 TV –

 

Channels, radios, and news agencies, who are straightly working for their ethnic groups, languages, cultures and their favorite warlord leaders, Whereas, in journalism ethically that is unacceptable as (JONATHAN DONLEY) says “For a journalist, a conflict of interest occurs when he has a connection to the story subject or issue that might influence how he writes the story, or might cause people to distrust the writer or the news organization”. That means the journalists must totally keep their impartiality based on any story writing or presenting any news story.
            However, Afghanistan is a rich and beautiful country with an impressive            

3D Animation of Social Networking. (View, 2012)

history of thousands of years. But, because of less care and less social professional participation of the adults or advancement of social media which is the basis for social change especially the young generation in last three to four decades the country with all its beauty has burned in imposed fires.

 

 

 Corruption non-transparent elections, kidnappings, lack of people s’ awareness from their rights and many other issues are  as a result of all those different crucial segments everyday lives, with their beautiful homeland gives sacrifices, whether financially, reputational, or to their life costs. Therefore, this essay is developed as mixture of narration, argument and analytical based on the past realities, experiences, facts and some details in order to awaken the young generation s’ minds in Afghanistan from the bottomless sleep which as a result of their calmness they give sacrifices every day in many aspects of their lives. And also this writing may re mind them about their social professional participation in professional social media which is the mother of social changes, such as fight for your rights criticize as a whole on many issues like gender based violations, immoral or unaccepted conducts of the corrupted leaders, parliament, government or any other violated branches in Afghan society which affect the society entirely. In addition, this writing will remind the Afghan adults that from the blessing of the international community they have the opportunity of freedom of speech to express their voices and be part of the professional social changes educationally, politically, and economically and in many other aspects which concerns the society.

            Based on the 2012 researches in many universities around the world it is obvious that 3 quarters or 73 percent of the adults in developed countries not only are involved in social changes but they also take it as a personal professional responsibility because the rapid advancement and growth of social channels such as Twitter, Facebook, Tumbler, Scoop.it and many others has had dramatic effects on people’s personal professional lives, therefore, adults have been empowered to advance social changes in education, politics, and economic issues which affects their society in many phases. As an example, we can say the Arab Spring was one of the adults’ social acts and perceive of responsibility for their society. However, in less developed countries which the coverage of electricity is not enough in all the provinces such as Afghanistan, limited access to social media channels have caused lack of adults awareness from their rights and also this issue causes the lack of adults gatherings, which plays a very important role in a society, for example by social gatherings adults can share their minds, ideas, and information in many different outlooks or concerns in their societies,  educationally, politically, economically or religiously.

 

           

Kunar Afghanistan,1985(Ansar1, 2009)

 Consequently, the outcome of those gatherings can play a really important and positive role on brightening the minds of those adults who are getting used negatively against Afghanistan and their international colleagues. Moreover, the less participation of adults in social changes, has led the country to a chaos, which is burning in fire the last four decades. The only solution to this ambiguity is that the adults needs to be awaken from this bottomless sleep through the impartiality of media and advancement of social media, in order to lead them into social changes by educating and understanding their rights and also taking active parts in political, economical or social issues, such as comparing the past with the current, evaluation of the income and outcome of every single issue and finally that will lead them into solutions. With all that in mind the last decade totally turned a new page into Afghanistan’s history and this page could led the country into its real destination of humanity, stability, and overall peace and prosperity, but, unfortunately, the international community has committed an unforgivable crime by giving the full and sole political power into the hands of a specific group of warlords who are ignorant, illiterate, corrupted and thirsty of political power, who only cares about their personal benefits than national benefits. The international community didn’t learn from the collapse of the communist regime before 1992 when the last Russian backed president Dr. Najibullah announced the national reconciliation after the withdrawal of the Red Army for these warlords and all the other revolutionary parties who were destroying the country for the reason of “Jihad” an Islamic term when Islam is in danger from any type of people religiously than Jihad is legitimate to fight, kill, even if someone loses his whole family, property, leave or any other things in the process of Jihad does not matter Allah – (God) will compensate him in doomsday. The only thing that matters for mujahidin – (the people involved in Jihad) is to save Islam and defeat the enemies of Allah.

 

In Afghanistan because of the full ignorance of illiteracy Islam has been misused in other words Islam has been used into the interest of some foreign intelligence organizations regionally and globally for their strategic goals because neither do than and nor do now there is such a prove to declare Afghans couldn’t/ can’t meet the worship of their Allah or people couldn’t/ can’t go to the mosques, to put it differently, neither do than and nor do now Islam is in danger. In addition, to the national reconciliation during the regime of Dr. Najibullah when Jihad was over or the Red Army left Afghanistan, this country had an Army that none of the regional countries had! such as, half million soldiers, seven hundred Russian fighter Jets, many Helicopters, more than four thousand Armor Tanks and many other military equipment and also most of the country’s infrastructure sources were active where people had jobs. The one and only purpose of the national reconciliation at that time was that everyone from any party whom the name “Afghan” is refer to could come and join the government by the free votes and independent elections. But, these warlords didn’t accept to join the national reconciliation and as a result of their fight continuation they did not only destroy the whole country but also created another group of mujahidin named Taliban against themselves.

           

Taliban Police hitting     Afghan Women in Kabul.(Glick, 2011)

            Because in every single spot of the country there were killings, kidnapping, gang bangs, robberies, night raids into civilians houses, rapes and many other crucial things. As a result of all those different hateful actions of the warlords who named themselves mujahidin or the fighters against the Russian intervention, another group of strict youngsters under the leadership of Mullah Mohammad Omer started from Pakistan’s Islamic religious Madrasas and fought against these warlords, as result they cleaned 95 percent of Afghanistan out of the warlords within very less time because all the people were tired of all those crucially conducts of warlords and instead welcomed the Taliban with a warmly embrace, at first people loved the Taliban because their dictatorship regime brought in action the enforcement of the law, peace, stability, and totally all the crucially conducts came down by once like when water drops on fire. Later on when the Taliban started bothering people, such as, grow beards, go to the mosques five times a day, don’t walk with your wife closely or hand to hand outside of your house, cover the women when coming outside, listening to the music is prohibited and many other personal disturbances, people started hating them. And finally, today the misuse of Islam or lack of literacy people are even blowing themselves up for the false purpose of saving Islam which is totally radicalism and a new trick of the regional and global intelligence organizations. The only solution to end this radicalism in Afghanistan would be the advancement of mass media,

 

 

I think The enforcement of law can release the media from the influence of warlords that is not easy to enforce law in my opinion it is the responsibility of the youths to put law into force and by caring for their future they can do it. As we have learned several useful skills in digital media literacy course the use of those skills in most cases can play a positive role in the process of awaking, and understanding people from what Islam is, what is their rights and what a good Muslim is supposed to do for others or how someone as Muslim should be part of social changes. In conclusion using the tools of digital media in a campaign all over Afghanistan would save the country from destruction that have caused by warlords.

 

Works Cited

“Fixer”, H. D. (2009, August 12). The Taking of Ajmal Naqshbandi. Retrieved from http://www.zinbio.com/photos/Ian=

An Afghan police officer aims his weapon at two photographers covering pre-election violence in Kabul. . (2009). Retrieved from http://cpj.org/attacks/2010/

Ansar1. (2009). Ansar Al-Mujahidin. Retrieved from http://www.ansar1.info/showthread.php?t=10606

Dietz, B. (2010). Retrieved from Committee to Protect Journalists: http://cpj.org/attacks/2010/

Glick, C. (2011). Retrieved from CarolineGlick.com: http://www.carolineglick.com/e/2011/04/obamas-altruistic-foreign-poli.php?pf=yes

Herold, P. M. (n.d.). Rawa News. Retrieved from http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2009/06/12/obamas-afghan-war-the-us-media-and-the-united-nations-the-new-metric-of-civilian-casualties.html

JONATHAN DONLEYCOMMUNITY JOURNALISM 101: WHAT IS A CONFLICT OF INTEREST? 1

Junbesh. (2012). Junbesh.net. Retrieved from http://www.junbesh.net/English/?p=106

MPS. (2009). Movie Poster Shop. Retrieved from http://www.moviepostershop.com/fixer-the-taking-of-ajmal-naqshbandi-movie-poster-2009

View, O. (2012). Open View Partner. Retrieved from http://blog.openviewpartners.com/leveraging-employee-social-networks-talent-acquisition/

 

By: Azizullah Aziz.

Afghanistan Education (2001-2013)The three decades of war has

Afghanistan Education (2001-2013)

The three decades of war has entirely deteriorated the whole infrastructure of education which had negative impact on our society.  During the Taliban era, education was very limited to religious studies. Girls were banned from school, boys were limited to religious studies and adults were unable to pursue their higher education inside the country. This was a misery to our people, parents were desperate to hire private tutor in their homes to make sure their kids are educated well. Fortunately, the regime fall through the invasion of the United States and replaced with a democratic and peaceful government which opened the doors of better education to boys, girls and even elders in the country.  Later, the government of Afghanistan has introduced education reform (a political process with the goal of improving public education) to lay the foundation for standard education system in terms of literacy and development through the technical and financial support of International donor community to build a unified, modern and democratic educational institutions in the country. There were 7000 schools back in 2003, 27000 teachers and 4.2 million boys and girls were attending to go back to school and now that number has sevenfold in 2013 which is a sign of social progress in our society in terms of education.

By mid 2006, more than five million male and female students joined schools all over Afghanistan and at the same time school services improved with modern style facilities. The American University of Afghanistan (AUAF) in Kabul was established in 2006. Other universities were also rebuilt, such as Nangarhar University and Khost University in the east, Herat University in the west, Kandahar University in the south, and Balkh University in the north. Despite mentioned achievements, there were also considerable barriers to education process in Afghanistan, for instance lack of funding to MoE and MoHE, because a significant amount of budget is needed for extra schools, planning curriculum and school programs.

 

Afghanistan is going through a nationwide rebuilding process, and despite some setbacks due to the ongoing Taliban insurgency. However, the Education sector is improving on a gradually basis. For example, modern high public and private schools have emerged across the country. These institutions have persuaded boys and girls to join and pursue their education in a better system. Despite of technical and financial constraints the system have been growing quick and laid the foundation for social system in the country. New educational institutions are established all across the country and more students being enrolled.

By 2012 there were more than 8.2 million students attending schools in Afghanistan. From 2001 to 2012, school enrolment increased from one million to more than eight million students with the proportion of girls from almost zero to 37%. The figure of teachers in school has increased from 27000 to 165,000 and about 31% are women, but most of them were with low qualification. And also from 2003 to now over 45,000 school buildings have been rehabilitated or newly constructed.

There are also some constraints and challenges toward educational development system in Afghanistan that has to be taken care of in near future. Otherwise, the current phenomena will annihilate the current foundation of our education and the most serious challenges are violence against students and teacher, lack of qualified teachers, problems in curriculum, and child labor.

On the one hand, Afghanistan is considered an ineffective, inefficient and volatile region for boys and girls going to school. In 2008, its estimated that over 600 ambushes happened on our educational institution which prevented majority of boys, girls and teachers going to school. Throughout the history, this is unprecedented numbers that have been killed. On the other hand, our education system lack qualified teachers, lack university degree and just have completed secondary and post secondary studies and have been teaching in the field which has undermined the capacity of our education.  According to MOE, 80% of the country’s 165,000 teachers holding a high school diploma or did not complete their post secondary studies.

After the fall of Taliban regime, under the joint efforts of Afghan and international education experts,  a comprehensive and modern curriculum has been developed that included new books and other necessary material. However, the challenges are still on the ground in terms of standard method of teaching particularly curriculum has been remained a huge dilemma for the education sector. According to UNICEF 2007 report, more than half of Afghan population are under the age of 18 and relatively one forth of Afghan children are between the ages of 7 and 14  that are presently involved of child labor in order to be bread winner for their families. This has undermined the children to perpetuate their preliminary education.

 To conclude, Afghanistan is war torn country that has undergone high illiteracy, misery and particularly been under-developed which has underestimated the capacity of the state domestically, regionally and globally. Afghans have not received the opportunities to educate their children for the 3 decades due to turbulence, civil war and on going fighting between the state and non state actor which has destroyed basic infrastructure of education. This has process has become a huge constraints and challenge to the state to focus on the development of the state. Therefore, I urge the state and non state actors to come together to form coalition government and work for the welfare of the people. And build our educational system in order to have peace, development and prosperity in our country.   

By: Ahmad Sawiz

May, 11 2013

BUSH Failures

((Tag:Social Media & Social Change))

Afghanistan is a rich and beautiful country with an impressive history of thousand years. But, because of less care and less social professional participation or advancement of social Media which is the basis for Social change especially the young generation in last three to four decades the country with all its beauty has been burning in imposed fires such as corruption, un transparent elections, kidnappings, lack of people s’ awareness from their rights and other issues. As a result of that everyday Afghans with their beautiful homeland gives sacrifices whether financially or to life costs. Therefore, I am creating this blog post in order to awaken the young generation s’ minds in Afghanistan to get up from the deep sleep and participate in professional Social Media which is the mother of Social changes, fight for your rights criticize as a whole such as gender based, bad or unaccepted deeds of the corrupted leaders, parliament, government or any other violence which affect our society entirely. Because today is their day also I want to remind them that from the blessing of the international community we have a chance to bring professional social changes educationally, politically, economically and in many other aspects.

Based on the 2012 researches in worlds universities it is obvious that 3 quarters or 73% of the adults in developed  countries not only are involved in social changes but they also take it as a  personal professional responsibility because the rapid advancement and growth of channels such as Twitter, face book and many others has had dramatic effects on peoples personal professional lives, therefore, adults have been empowered to advance social changes in education, fundraising, and even political issues which affects their society as a whole. As an example we can say the Arab Spring was one of the adults social feel and perceive  of responsibility, Vice versa, in less developed countries which the coverage of electricity is not sufficient in all the provinces such as Afghanistan, limited access to social media channels have caused lack of adults awareness from their rights given to them based on the constitution, as a result the less participation of adults in social changes, has led the country to a chaos Which is burning in fire the last four decades. The only solution to this is that the adults needs to be awaken from this deep sleep throw advancement of social media in order to lead them into social changes by studying and understanding their rights, their society, political issues  and finally every single issue which affect them entirely.

To Stop Iran’s Nuclear Program, Cut a Deal on Oil

Only the imposition of harsh economic sanctions brought Iranian negotiators back to the table for talks on its nuclear program last week in Baghdad. Only the prospect of lifting those sanctions can keep them there.
This is the central bind that the so-called P5+1 negotiators faced in Baghdad, and will do again June 18-19 in Moscow: Remove sanctions too soon and the Iranians will go back the holding pattern of the past six years, as they continue to develop their nuclear program while stringing talks out; set the bar for relief too high, and the Iranians lose all incentive to cut a deal.
Before Western diplomats sit down again with Iran’s negotiator, Saeed Jalili, they need to agree on exactly what is their achievable goal in the talks, and to calibrate their proposals — even for interim deals — accordingly. For all the many sins and faults of the Iranian side in this dispute, in Baghdad last week, European Union foreign-policy chief Catherine Ashton and her patrons from the P5+1 — the U.S., Russia, China, France, the U.K. and Germany — appeared to get the balance wrong.
Squeeze Gets Tighter
Western diplomats said, one after the other as they went into the talks, that U.S. oil-related sanctions against Iran’s central bank scheduled to take effect on June 28, and European Union restrictions on oil imports from Iran due on July 1, would go forward no matter what. They offered only to lift a ban on the sale to Iran of spare parts for civilian aircraft, and provide it with medical isotopes.
That offer would do nothing to relieve the economic pressure now on Iran — on the contrary, it ensured that the squeeze would get far tighter in few weeks. In return, Iran was being asked to suspend efforts to enrich uranium to 19.75 percent purity (which could be used in a medical research reactor), agree to ship its stockpile out of the country and open up to United Nations inspectors. These would be significant, if reversible, concessions — and the approach was guaranteed to fail.
Western negotiators are right to focus first on suspending enrichment of uranium to 19.75 percent, which brings Iran an important step closer to weapons grade. A report by the International Atomic Energy Agency released Friday shows that Iran has now produced 146 kilograms (323 pounds) of the fuel, already more than enough to power its existing research reactor, making future production doubly suspicious. Meanwhile, production of 3.5 percent uranium, which is appropriate for use in civilian nuclear power plants, accelerated significantly in March, boosting Iran’s stockpile to 6,197 kilos. This would be enough for five nuclear weapons if it were further processed to weapons grade (90 percent).
The international community has two goals to choose from. The first is to stick with the aim of getting Iran out of the nuclear fuel business altogether. That has been the target ever since international inspectors confirmed in 2003 that Iran had a covert nuclear fuel program, has been set out in UN Security Council resolutions since 2006, and continues to be a red line for Israel and many in the U.S. Congress.
This would be, without question, the most desirable outcome. But after 10 years of failed negotiations, it’s clear that such a capitulation would require either regime change in Tehran or a wholly successful military strike against Iran’s nuclear facilities. It cannot be achieved through talks, and most military analysts — including senior figures in Israel — say that it can’t be achieved by airstrikes either.
Compromise Plan
The alternative is to clear Iran of its 19.75 percent uranium, mothball the hardened facility at Fordo and ensure full transparency to international inspectors. This would need to include installation of IAEA cameras that could monitor Iran’s continued enrichment of uranium to 3.5 percent for power plants. It would also require a halt to construction of further enrichment facilities and heavy water plants. Later talks could cap Iran’s production of low enriched uranium to match its current consumption needs, and secure a full accounting for past weaponization programs.
This compromise is the best we can hope to do through negotiations. The Obama administration appeared to open the door to a deal along these lines this year by de-emphasizing the demand for a ban on all enrichment. The White House is doubtless wary of being seen to give away too much, too early, ahead of presidential elections in November. With Israel threatening war and Iran pushing ever harder toward a nuclear breakout capacity, too much is at stake to let U.S. domestic politics dictate the outcome in Moscow next month.
The P5+1 shouldn’t give away the store for an interim freeze, and it should make clear to Iran a road map that will lead to a staged removal of sanctions, together with the understanding that a limited right to uranium enrichment would be on the table in an eventual, permanent deal.
There is a huge list of sanctions to pick from in giving Iran inducements to stay engaged in a meaningful process. One measure in particular should be on offer in Moscow: postponement of the July 1 European oil embargo. This could be used to induce a freeze on Iran’s production of 19.75 percent enriched uranium, an agreement to ship its fuel stock out of the country in exchange for processed rods, and a provision for IAEA inspectors with full access to verify compliance.
If all these conditions can be met by July 1, then the European oil sanctions should be postponed. They could always be resurrected if subsequent negotiations fail and Iran resumes production. The goal here isn’t to look tough. The goal is keep up the pressure in a way that is most likely to halt Iran’s nuclear program and avoid war.

by: Bloomborg